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1
According to Professor Peter Schreiner of Cologne, an expert on Byzantine diet, an agricultural labourer on average wages needed to work for only fifteen days to earn the price of a 45-kilogram barrel of caviar. Professor Schreiner remarks that a German farm worker today would have to spend all his earnings for eighteen months in order to buy the same barrel.
2
Richelieu became prime minister of France in September 1815, less than three months after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, and his friendship with the tsar helped him to secure the withdrawal of Allied occupation troops after only three years. Before his time in Odessa, he had taken part on the Russian side in the storm of Ismail in 1790. (see p. 97), where he is said to have rescued a Turkish child from Cossacks about to murder her. Byron used this incident in
Don Juan,
but attributed it to his eponymous hero.
3
Upton was a civil-engineering genius who could not keep his hand out of the till. Raised in Davcntry, he got into trouble for running a post-office and embezzling the postal fees; he then became one of Telford's most trusted road-builders and developed the main highway to Holyhead. In 1816, he was charged with pocketing construction funds by forgery — a capital offence. Upton jumped bail and escaped to Russia, where he became chief engineer at Sevastopol and built not only the sluice tunnels for the naval dockyard but many of the forts whose capture cost thousands of British lives during the Crimean War a few years later.
4
Scotland forms a curious exception. Although there are large and well-organised Scottish diasporas in North America and Australasia, the Scottish National Party's plan for an independent Scotland would restrict citizenship to those resident in Scotland (whatever their ethnicity) or born there, and their children. This determination to avoid ethnic nationalism seems admirable, but it enraged the late Scottish Conservative MP Sir Nicholas Fairbairn, who protested that any 'Greek, Tasmanian or the bastard child of an American serviceman' would have more rights in Scotland than an emigrant of pure Scots descent.
5
Harald Hardrade (the Ruthless) belonged to the Scandinavian-
4
Varangian' military elite whose raiding voyages for a time connected the Black and Baltic Seas. They were the founders of the 'Kievan Rus' kingdom on the Dnieper, which was the precursor of the Russian state. Born in Norway, at the age of fifteen he fought on the losing side in the battle of Stiklestad (1030) against the Danes, and fled to the court of Jaroslav the Wise at Kiev. Later he enlisted in the Byzantine service under the emperor Michael IV, and commanded the Empire's Varangian mercenaries in wars from Sicily to Palestine.
After his flight from Constantinople, Harald returned to Kiev, married Jaroslav's daughter Elisabeth ('the gold-decked maid'), and went on northwards to seize the Norwegian throne. He ruled until 1066, when he was killed at the battle of Stamford Bridge during an attempt to conquer England.