Einstein and the Quantum (52 page)

21. Albert Einstein, “Quantum Theory of the Monatomic Ideal Gas, Part Two,”
Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
, vol. 1, p. 3 (1925); reprinted in translation in I. Duck and E.C.G. Sudarshan, eds.,
Pauli and the Spin-Statistics Theorem
, World Scientific, Singapore (1997), 89–99.

22. Albert Einstein, “On the Quantum Theory of the Ideal Gas,”
Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
, vol. 3, p. 18 (1925); reprinted in translation in I. Duck and E.C.G. Sudarshan, eds.,
Pauli and the Spin-Statistics Theorem
, World Scientific, Singapore (1997), 100–107.

23. Louis de Broglie, “Black Radiation and Light Quanta,”
Journal de Physique et le Radium
, vol. 3, p. 422 (1922); reprinted in
Selected Papers on Wave Mechanics by Louis de Broglie and Leon Brillouin
, vols. 1–7, Blackie and Sons, London (1928).

24. Louis de Broglie, “A Tentative Theory of Light Quanta,” excerpt from
Philosophical Magazine
, vol. 47, p. 446 (1924); reprinted in I. Duck and E.C.G. Sudarshan, eds.,
100 Years of Planck's Quanta
,
chapter 4
, World Scientific, Singapore (2000), 128–141.

25. Louis de Broglie, “Studies on the Theory of Quanta,” PhD thesis, originally published in
Annales de Physique
, vol. 3, p. 22 (1925).

26. Erwin Schrödinger collected nine of his seminal papers on the wave equation into a volume titled
Abhandlungen der Wellenmechanik
(Treatise on Wave Mechanics), which was originally published in 1927. These papers are available in English translation in E. Schrödinger,
Collected Papers on Wave Mechanics
, Chelsea Publishing, New York (1978). The nine papers are titled “Quantisation as a Problem of Proper Values, Parts I, II, III, IV,” “The Continuous Transition from Micro-to Macro-Mechanics,” “On the Relation between the Quantum Mechanics of Heisenberg, Born and Jordan, and That of Schrödinger,” “The Compton Effect,” “The Energy-Momentum Theorem for Material Waves,” and “The Exchange of Energy According to Wave Mechanics.” Note that the term “proper value” was the chosen translation for the German term
Eigenvalue
, which has become standard mathematical terminology in English as well.

INDEX

Note: page numbers in italics refer to images.

Absolute units,
116

Absorption: energy,
185
–
186
; light,
75
–
77
,
270
–
271

Academic appointments of Einstein,
122
–
125
,
130
,
150
–
152
,
165
–
167

Action,
88
,
199
–
201
; principle of least,
88
,
200
; quantum of,
80
,
89
,
99
,
115
,
132
,
155
,
177
,
281

Adler, Friedrich,
124

Angström, Knut,
117
,
120

Annalen der Physik
,
4
,
26
,
44
,
46
,
80
,
88
,
106
,
266

Anschütz, Hermann,
212

Anti-Semitism,
151
,
169
,
206
,
207
–
209
,
211
–
212

Arrhenius, Svante Augustus,
111
–
117
,
142
,
212

Atomic theory,
37
–
38
,
45
–
46
,
113
–
114
; Bohr's,
172
–
179
,
181
–
182
; First Solvay Congress and,
150
.
See also
Quantum theory

Atomic vibration,
104
,
106
–
110
,
178

Atoms,
81
,
107
–
108
,
112
; energy absorption,
185
–
186
,
270
–
271
; light absorption,
75
–
77
,
270
–
271
; random behavior by,
232
–
234
,
284
; vibration,
108
–
110
,
145
,
178
,
248
–
250

Autobiographical notes of Einstein,
279
–
280
,
285

Avogadro's number,
39
,
87
,
113
–
114
,
115

Bertel, Annemarie,
258

Besso, Michele,
48
,
65
–
66
,
73
; correspondence with Einstein,
130
,
156
,
163
,
182
–
183
,
188
,
194
–
196
,
201
,
271
–
273

Blackbody radiation,
56
–
58
,
70
–
74
,
91
,
108
,
138
; Einstein's quantum theory of,
184
–
185
; frequency and,
97
–
98
,
293
; Kirchoff's law and,
291
.
See also
Laws of thermal radiation
;
Thermal radiation

Bohr, Niels,
156
,
170
–
174
,
181
,
199
,
220
,
274
,
280
,
283
–
284
; atomic theory,
172
–
179
,
181
–
182
; de Broglie and,
245
; Einstein on,
179
–
180
,
283
; Heisenberg and,
268
,
269
–
270
; Schrödinger and,
255
,
258
,
263
,
268
,
274
; theory of spectra and,
184
–
186

Bohr-Sommerfeld theory,
170
–
174
,
183
–
184
,
199
–
201
,
249
,
256
,
259
–
260
,
266
,
270

Boltzmann, Ludwig,
6
,
14
,
17
,
33
,
44
,
45
,
55
,
73
,
125
,
223
; death of,
259
; Einstein on,
36
,
38
,
46
,
47
; equation for entropy,
51
–
52
,
56
,
58
,
68
,
91
,
115
,
154
,
288
; Newtonian mechanics and,
42
; Third Law of thermodynamics and,
144
–
145
; tomb of,
51
,
52

Boltzmann's constant,
51
,
68
,
91
,
115
,
154
,
293

Born, Max,
20
,
49
,
136
,
141
,
162
,
211
,
255
,
280
–
281
,
285
; ghost fields and,
198
–
199
; Heisenberg and,
269
,
271
; interpretation of the wave function,
198
,
274
–
277
; Pauli and,
269
; reverence for Einstein,
269
; Schrödinger and,
274
,
277

Bose, Satyendra Nath,
215
,
228
,
245
,
253
,
274
; academic appointments of,
218
; correspondence with Einstein,
215
–
216
; derivation of Planck's law,
219
–
224
; education of,
217
–
218
; Einstein's critique of second paper by,
225
; Einstein's endorsement of first paper by,
216
,
229
–
230
; influence on Einstein,
229
–
232
; influence on physics,
217
; on new quantum mechanics,
272
; second paper of,
224
; visit to Europe,
225
–
227
;

Bose-Einstein condensation,
233
–
238
,
249
,
256
,
260
,
261
,
279
,
282

Boson,
217
; Higgs boson,
217

Bothe, Walter,
211
; experiment with Geiger on Compton Effect,
283
–
284

Boyle's Law,
38
,
221

Brillouin, Leon,
244

Brownian motion,
39
,
259

Bucherer, Alfred,
141

Calculus,
28

Caltech,
197

Cartan, Elie,
250

Children of Albert Einstein,
86
,
87
,
152
,
167

Classical physics,
27
–
30
,
171

Clausius, Rudolph,
42
,
51
,
113

Cleve, Per Theodor,
112

Compton, Arthur Holly,
283

Compton effect,
283
–
284

Coulomb, Charles Augustin de,
30

Curie, Marie,
149
,
157
,
226

De Broglie, Louis,
240
,
241
,
264
,
280
; Einstein on,
241
–
242
,
251
; family of,
242
–
243
; Nobel prize,
252
; Solvay Congress of 1911 and,
244
; theoretical physics and,
244
–
245
; theory on light quanta,
245
–
247
; wave-particle duality,
247
–
250

De Broglie, Maurice,
242
,
243
–
244
,
245
,
250

De Broglie, Pauline,
243

De Broglie wavelength,
252

Debye, Peter,
103
,
229

Degenhart, Joseph,
17

De Haas, Wander J.,
162

Determinism in quantum mechanics,
277

Diamond,
104
–
105

Dice,
232
–
234
,
284
–
285

Diffusion,
39

Dirac, Paul,
162
,
256

Doppler effect,
190
–
191
,
210
–
211

Drude, Paul,
44
–
45
,
71
,
73
,
108

Dulong, Pierre,
103
–
104

Dulong-Petit law,
103
–
108

Dynamical Theory of Gases
,
99

Dyson, Frank,
205

Eddington, Arthur Stanley,
204
–
205

Edison, Thomas,
143
–
144

Ehrat, Jakob,
22

Ehrenfest, Paul,
72
,
167
,
194
,
195
,
197
,
211
,
224
,
231
,
271
,
273
; Bose statistics and,
238
; ultraviolet catastrophe and,
72

Einstein, Albert,
14
,
153
; academic appointments of,
122
–
125
,
130
,
150
–
151
; accomplishments of,
279
–
282
; anti-Semitism and,
151
,
169
,
206
,
207
–
209
,
211
–
212
; autobiographical notes by,
279
–
280
,
285
; in Berlin, Germany,
165
–
167
; in Bern, Switzerland,
46
–
48
,
62
–
66
,
122
–
123
; on blackbody radiation,
70
–
74
,
184
–
187
,
284
–
285
; on Bohr,
180
,
283
; on Boltzmann,
36
,
38
,
46
; Born and,
285
; Bose and,
215
–
227
,
229
–
230
,
281
–
282
; on Brownian motion,
39
,
259
; children of,
86
,
87
,
152
,
167
; correspondence with Besso,
130
,
156
,
163
,
182
–
183
,
188
,
194
–
196
,
201
,
271
–
273
; on de Broglie,
241
–
242
,
251
; dislike of quantum theory,
1
–
2
,
277
; divorce from Mileva Maric,
194
–
196
; on Drude,
44
; early work in theoretical physics,
26
–
27
; early work on relativity theory,
3
–
4
,
151
,
161
; Elsa Einstein and,
164
–
165
,
193
,
210
; on energy quantization using Planck's resonators,
91
–
92
; on ether,
83
–
85
; fame of,
205
–
207
,
216
; first published work on atomic theory,
45
–
46
; formal education of,
15
–
20
,
46
–
47
; “fusion” theory of light,
137
–
138
; on Gibbs,
50
; health of,
193
–
196
; heuristic point of view on light,
70
–
79
; on idea gas law,
230
–
238
; influence of Maxwell on,
34
–
35
,
50
,
84
–
85
,
153
; influence of Nernst on,
146
–
148
,
154
,
163
–
164
,
228
; influence of Newton on,
29
,
35
; interest in quantum theory,
3
,
125
–
128
,
183
–
184
; Jewish identity of,
208
–
209
; Lorentz and,
50
,
130
–
135
,
153
–
154
,
167
,
194
,
197
; on matrix mechanics,
271
–
3
; Mileva Maric and,
48
,
62
,
63
,
129
–
130
,
152
,
164
–
165
; Anna Meyer-Schmid and,
129
–
130
; Nobel prize won by,
282
; Olympia Academy and,
63
–
66
,
212
; papers on First and Second Laws of thermodynamics,
48
–
49
; parents of,
24
–
25
; peers and friends in Bern,
63
–
66
; PhD thesis,
46
–
47
; on Planck,
26
–
27
,
73
–
74
,
285
; Planck's response to theory of light quanta,
80
–
81
; Planck's support for special theory of relativity and,
88
–
89
; in Prague, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire,
152
; probabilistic interpretation of wavefunction and,
276
,
282
; as a prodigy,
15
–
16
; quantum ideal gas and,
230
–
232
,
235
–
238
; on radioactive decay,
182
–
183
; reputation among his peers,
21
–
23
; rise in stature of,
150
–
152
; Rubens on,
208
; Schrödinger and,
238
–
240
,
254
–
267
; sliding mirror thought experiment,
138
–
139
,
189
; Ernest Solvay and,
149
–
150
,
156
–
158
; Sommerfeld and,
125
–
126
,
184
; A. Douglas Stone's interest in,
2
–
3
; teaching career of,
44
–
45
,
47
,
63
,
122
; time dilation and,
248
; travel around the world,
209
–
210
,
212
–
213
; on wave function in q-space,
275
–
276
; Heinrich Weber and,
15
–
20
,
26
,
35
,
103
,
152
; during World War I,
168
–
170
,
193
–
194
,
204
.
See also
Quantum theory
;
Theory of relativity