First Bite: How We Learn to Eat (47 page)

Sirikulchayanonta, C., P. Pavadhgul, R. Chonqsuwat, and J. Klaewkla. 2010. “Participatory Action Project in Reducing Childhood Obesity in Thai Primary Schools.”
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health
23, 917.

Skinner, Jean D., Betty Ruth Carruth, Wendy Bounds, and Paula J. Ziegler. 2002. “Children’s Food Preferences: A Longitudinal Analysis.”
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
102, 11.

Slater, Nigel. 2004.
Toast: The Story of a Boy’s Hunger
. London: Fourth Estate.

Small, Dana M., Johannes C. Gerber, Erika Mak, et al. 2005. “Differential Neural Responses Evoked by Orthonasal Versus Retronasal Odorant Perception in Humans.”
Neuron
47, 593–605.

Smink, Frédérique R.E., Daphne van Hoeken, and Hans W. Hoek. 2012. “Epidemiology of Eating Disorders: Incidence, Prevalence.”
Current Psychiatry Reports
14, 406–414.

Smith, Lindsey, Katharine Conroy, Hongmai Wen, et al. 2013a. “Portion Size Variably Affects Food Intake of 6-Year-Old and 4-Year-Old Children in Kunming, China.”
Appetite
69, 31–38.

Smith, Michelle I., Tanya Yatsunenko, Mark J. Manary, et al. 2013b. “Gut Microbiomes of Malawian Twin Pairs Discordant for Kwashiorkor.”
Science
339, 548–554.

Spahn, Joanne M., Rebecca S. Reeves, and Kathryn S. Keim. 2010. “State of the Evidence Regarding Behavior Change Theories and Strategies in Nutrition Counseling to Facilitate Health and Food Behavior Change.”
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
110, 879–891.

Spieler, Marlena. 2014. “When a Food Writer Can’t Taste.”
New York Times
, January 11.

Spock, Benjamin. 1946.
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.

Steiner, Hans, and James Lock. 1998. “Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Past 10 Years.”
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
37, 352–359.

Steiner, J. E. 1979. “Human Facial Expressions in Response to Taste and Smell Stimulation.”
Advances in Child Development and Behavior
13, 257–295.

Steinhausen, H. C. 2002. “The Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa in the 20th Century.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
159, 1284–1293.

———. 2009. “The Outcome of Bulimia Nervosa: Findings from One Quarter-Century of Research.”
American Journal of Psychiatry
166, 1331–1341.

Steinhausen, H.-Ch, C. R. Rauss-Mason, and R. Seidel. 1991. “Follow-Up Studies of Anorexia Nervosa: A Review of Four Decades of Outcome Research.”
Psychological Medicine
21, 447–454.

Stephen, Alison M., and Nicholas J. Wald. 1990. “Trends in Individual Consumption of Dietary Fat in the United States, 1920–1984.”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
52, 457–469.

Stevens Bryant, Louise. 1913.
School Feeding: Its History and Practice at Home and Abroad
. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.

Strauss, Stephen. 2006. “Clara M. Davis and the Wisdom of Letting Children Choose Their Own Diets.”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
175, 1199–1201.

Sullivan, S. A., and L. L. Birch. 1990. “Pass the Sugar, Pass the Salt: Experience Dictates Preference.”
Developmental Psychology
26, 546–551.

Sutton, David. 2001.
Remembrance of Repasts: An Anthropology of Food and Memory
. Oxford: Berg.

Sweetman, C., L. McGowan, H. Croker, and L. Cooke. 2011. “Characteristics of Family Mealtimes Affecting Children’s Vegetable Consumption and Liking.”
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
111, 269–273.

Tang, M. J. A., and A. J. A. Verboom. 2014. “Is Motivational Interviewing Effective as Treatment for Childhood Obesity?”
Appetite
76, 209.

Tapper, Katy, Christine Shaw, Joanne Ilsley, et al. 2009. “Exploratory Randomised Control Trial of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention for Women.”
Appetite
52, 396–404.

Tate, Deborah F., Robert W. Jeffery, Nancy E. Sherwood, et al. 2007. “Long-Term Weight Losses Associated with Prescription of Higher Physical Activity Goals: Are Higher Levels of Physical Activity Protective Against Weight Regain?”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
85, 954–959.

Teicholz, Nina. 2014.
The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet
. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Tepper, Beverly J. 2008. “Nutritional Implications of Genetic Taste Variation: The Role of PROP Sensitivity and Other Taste Phenotypes.”
Annual Review of Nutrition
28, 367–388.

Thompson, Claire, Steven Cummins, Tim Brown, and Rosemary Kyle. 2014. “What Does It Mean to Be a ‘Picky Eater’? A Qualitative Study of Food-Related Identities and Practices.”
Appetite
84, 235–239.

Thompson, Jan. 2001. “Prisoners of the Rising Sun: Food Memories of American POWs in the Far East During World War II.” In Harlan Walker, ed.,
Food and the Memory: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery
. Totnes, UK: Prospect Books.

Topham, Glade L., Laura Hubbs-Tait, Julie M. Rutledge, et al. 2011. “Parenting Styles, Parental Response to Child Emotion, and Family Emotional Responsiveness Are Related to Child Emotional Eating.”
Appetite
56, 261–264.

Tovar, A., E. Hennessy, A. Pirie, et al. 2012. “Feeding Styles and Child Weight Status Among Recent Immigrant Mother-Child Dyads.”
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
9, 62–81.

Ueland, Ø. 2007. “Gender Differences in Food Choice.” In Lynn Frewer and Hans van Trijp, eds.,
Understanding Consumers of Food Products
. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.

Ulander, Kerstin. 2008. “Healthier Eating Habits and Increased Food Joy in the Elderly: Evaluation of the Development Effort, Diet, Sensory, 70+.” ISSN: 1654-1421.

Unusan, N. 2006. “University Students’ Food Preference and Practice Now and During Childhood.”
Food Quality and Preference
17, 362–368.

Urbick, Bryan. 2000.
About Kids: Foods and Beverages
. Leatherhead, UK: Leatherhead Food Research.

———. 2011. “Working with Children and Adolescents for Food Product Development.” In David Kilcast and Fiona Angus, eds.,
Developing Children’s Food Products
. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.

Valdes, J., F. Rodríguez-Artalejo, L. Aguilar, et al. 2012. “Frequency of Family Meals and Childhood Overweight: A Systematic Review.”
Pediatric Obesity
8, E1–E13.

Visser, Margaret. 1991.
The Rituals of Dinner: The Origins, Evolution, Eccentricities and Meaning of Table Manners
. London: Viking.

Vollmer, Rachel L., and Amy R. Mobley. 2013. “Parenting Styles, Feeding Styles, and Their Influence on Child Obesogenic Behaviors and Body Weight: A Review.”
Appetite
71, 232–241.

Walsh, Bryan. 2013. “Don’t Blame Fat.”
Time
, June 23, 29–35.

Wansink, Brian. 2002. “Changing Eating Habits on the Home Front: Lost Lessons from World War II Research.”
Journal of Public Policy and Marketing
21, 90–99.

———. 2004. “Environmental Factors That Increase the Food Intake and Consumption Volume of Unknowing Consumers.”
Annual Review of Nutrition
24, 455–479.

———. 2011.
Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think We Do.
London: Hay House.

Wansink, Brian, Matthew M. Cheney, and Nina Chan. 2003. “Exploring Comfort Food Preferences Across Age and Gender.”
Physiology and Behavior
79, 739–747.

Wansink, Brian, J. E. Painter, and J. North. 2005. “Bottomless Bowls: Why Visual Cues of Portion Size May Influence Intake.”
Obesity Research
13, 93–100.

Wardle, J., and L. Cooke. 2008. “Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Children’s Food Preferences.”
British Journal of Nutrition
99, S15–S21.

———. 2010. “One Man’s Meat Is Another Man’s Poison.” European Molecular Biology Association,
EMBO Reports
, 1–6.

Wardle, J., L. J. Cooke, E. L. Gibson, et al. 2003a. “Increasing Children’s Acceptance of Vegetables: A Randomized Trial of Parent-Led Exposure.”
Appetite
40, 155–162.

Wardle, J., M. L. Herrera, L. J. Cooke, and E. L. Gibson. 2003b. “Modifying Children’s Food Preferences: The Effects of Exposure and Reward on Acceptance of an Unfamiliar Vegetable.”
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
57, 341–348.

Washington, Booker T. 2008.
Up from Slavery: An Autobiography
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Webb, Thomas L., Paschal Sheenan, and Christopher Armitage. 2006. “Implementation Intentions: Strategic Automization of Food Choice.” In Richard Shepherd and Monique Raats, eds.,
The Psychology of Food Choice
. Wallingford, UK: CABI.

Weber, Eugen. 1981. “Fairies and Hard Facts: The Reality of Folktales.”
Journal of the History of Ideas
42, no. 1, 93–113.

Wei Xia, Xin Zhang, and Jiajia Wang, et al. 2012. “Survey of Anaemia and
Helicobacter pylori
Infection in Adolescent Girls in Suihua, China, and Enhancement of Iron Intervention Effects by
H. pylori
Eradication.”
British Journal of Nutrition
108, 357–362.

Weston, Janet A., and Mark Colloton. 1993. “A Legacy of Violence in Nonorganic Failure to Thrive.”
Child Abuse and Neglect
17, 709–714.

Wildes, Jennifer E., Nancy L. Zucker, and Marsha D. Marcus. 2012. “Picky Eating in Adults: Results of a Web-Based Survey.”
International Journal of Eating Disorders
45, 575–582.

Wilkinson, Michelle Lynn, Austin Lane Brown, Walker Seward Poston, et al. 2014. “Physician Weight Recommendations for Overweight and Obese Firefighters, United States, 2011–2012.”
Preventing Chronic Disease
11.

Williams, Keith. 2011. “Increasing Children’s Food Choices: Strategies Based upon Research and Practice.” In David Kilcast and Fiona Angus, eds.,
Developing Children’s Food Products.
Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.

Williams, Keith, Candace Paul, Bianca Pizzo, et al. 2008. “Practice Does Make Perfect: A Longitudinal Look at Taste Exposure.”
Appetite
51, 739–742.

Wilson, Bee. 2002. “Dairylea Lunchables.”
New Statesman
, December 2.

———. 2005. “The Weight of the World.”
Sunday Telegraph,
December 4.

———. 2009.
Swindled: The Dark History of Food Fraud
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

———. 2012.
Consider the Fork: A History of How We Cook and Eat
. New York: Basic Books.

Wing, Rena R., and Suzanne Phelan. 2005. “Long-Term Weight Loss Maintenance.”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
82, 222S–225S.

Wise, Roy A. 2001. “The Neurobiology of Food Craving.” In Marion Hetherington, ed.,
Food Cravings and Addiction
. Leatherhead, UK: Leatherhead Food Research.

———. 2006. “Role of Brain Dopamine in Food Reward and Reinforcement.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
361, 1149–1158.

Wright, C. M., K. Cameron, M. Tsiaka, et al. 2011. “Is Baby-Led Weaning Feasible? When Do Babies First Reach Out for and Eat Finger Foods?”
Maternal and Child Nutrition
7, 27–33.

Yan Shen, Beizhen Hu, Xiangzhun Chen, et al. 2014. “Determination of Four Flavorings in Infant Formula by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry.”
Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry
62, 10881–10888.

Yeomans, Martin, and Lucy Chambers. 2011. “Satiety-Relevant Sensory Qualities Enhance the Satiating Effects of Mixed Carbohydrate-Protein Preloads.”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
94, 1410–1417.

Zajonc, Robert B. 1968. “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
9, 1–27.

———. 1980. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences.”
American Psychologist
35, 151–175.

Zajonc, Robert B., and Hazel Markus. 1982. “Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences.”
Journal of Consumer Research
9, 123–131.

Zeinstra, Gertrude, M. A. Koelen, F. J. Kok, et al. 2009. “Children’s Hard-Wired Aversion to Pure Vegetable Tastes: A ‘Failed’ Flavour-Nutrient Learning Study.”
Appetite
52, 528–530.

Zocca, Jaclyn M., Lauren B. Shomaker, Marian Tanofsky-Kraff, et al. 2011. “Links Between Mothers’ and Children’s Disinhibited Eating and Children’s Adiposity.”
Appetite
56, 324–331.

Zucker, Nancy L., Kevin S. LaBar, Molly Losh, et al. 2007. “Anorexia Nervosa and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Guided Investigation of Social Cognitive Endophenotypes.”
Psychological Bulletin
133, 976–1006.

Index

Action Against Hunger,
167
,
168

Acute child malnutrition, treatment of,
165
–
169

Adolescence

anorexia and,
206
–
207

changes in food rules and,
91
–
92

parental behavior regarding meals and,
140
–
141

Adults

anorexia in,
211
–
212

kid food and,
92
–
94

neophobic,
21
–
22

picky eaters,
185
–
186
,
189
,
193
–
194
,
199
,
200

Sapere movement and,
249
–
251

Africa, Plumpy’Nut and,
167

Air, as preload for satiety,
173

Allen, John S.,
217

Álvarez Morán, Jose Luis,
167
,
169

Amniotic fluid, effect on taste,
43
–
45

Anandamide,
153

Anderson, James,
237
–
238

Anemia

in adolescent girls,
145
–
147

milk consumption and,
63
–
64

Anise,
44

Anorexia,
191
,
200
–
207

adult,
211
–
212

causes of,
201
–
206

defined,
189

family-based treatment of,
207
–
211

hunger and,
160

incidence of,
xvii
,
203
,
206
–
207

mortality rates,
188

puberty and,
206
–
207

Anorexia athletica,
204
–
205

Anosmia,
37
–
41
,
52

Anxiety, anorexia and,
203

Appetite,
13
,
159
,
228
–
229

Appetite test,
160

Applebee’s,
151

Arnold, Carrie,
202
–
203

Ashputtel,
133
–
134

Asperger syndrome,
199

Athletics, anorexia and,
204
–
205

Authoritarian parenting style,
117

feeding style and,
118

Authoritative parenting style,
117

feeding style and,
119
–
121

Autism spectrum/autism

anorexic brain and,
201
–
202

eating difficulties and,
27
–
29

feeding disorders and,
193

selective eating and,
191

Axel, Richard,
48

Baby and Child-Care
(Spock),
10
,
242

Baby and Child
(Leach),
83
–
84

Baby food

commercial,
88
–
89

Indian,
90
–
91

See also
Breast milk; Formula

Baby Led Weaning (BLW),
122
–
124

Bangladesh, dislike of Plumpy’Nut in,
167
–
169

Barker, David J. P.,
4
,
106

Baron-Cohen, Simon,
201
–
202

Bartoshuk, Linda,
15

Bauer, Katherine,
140

Baumeister, Roy,
xxviii
–
xxix

Beat (eating disorders charity),
206

Beauchamp, Gary,
44
–
45

Beef,
6
,
30
,
67
,
82
,
94
,
204
,
224
,
226

Beer,
14
,
16
,
17

Beets,
19
,
34
–
35

Bento,
126

Benzaldehyde,
58

Berridge, Kent,
2
–
3

Binge eating,
3
,
141
,
151
,
163
,
171
,
176
,
188
,
213
,
238

Biomarkers, measuring hunger via,
161
–
163

Birch, Leann,
111
–
112
,
115
–
116
,
120

Birthday cake,
95
–
96

Birthday cake ice cream,
95

The Bitter Cry of Children
(Spargo),
74
–
75

Bitterness,
4
,
14
–
15
,
16
,
17
,
43

Bittman, Mark,
62

Blood glucose

hunger and,
161
–
162

satiety and,
172

Bloomberg, Michael,
221

Blumenthal, Heston,
57
–
58

BMI.
See
Body mass index (BMI)

Boak, Duncan,
40

Body composition, heritability of,
12

Body mass index (BMI)

classifying childhood obesity and,
148

genetics and,
12

motivational interviewing and lowering,
234

onset of puberty and,
206

PROP tasters and,
17
–
18

rates of obesity and,
107

self-regulation of eating and,
181

Body scans,
181

Bottomless soup experiment,
177

Boucher, François,
138

Bourdieu, Pierre,
138
,
139

Boys

body self-image and,
149

obesity in adolescent Kuwaiti,
150
–
152

parents and eating habits of,
137
–
140

See also
Gender

Braddon, Russell,
54

Brain

anorexia and,
201
–
202

flavor and,
48
–
51

gender differences in response to eating and,
143

hedonic shift and,
241
–
242

liking
vs.
wanting and,
3

Brave Girl Eating
(Brown),
210
–
211

Brazil,
34
,
183

Bread, as main food for children,
76

Bread and Jam for Frances
(Hoban),
19
–
20

Breakfast cereal,
86
,
88
,
183
–
184

Breakfast clubs,
157
–
159

Breast milk

composition and flavor of,
xiv
,
44
–
45

historic view of,
72
–
73

weaning from,
24
–
25
,
122
–
124

See also
Formula

Breslin, Paul,
58

Briend, André,
166

Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme,
138
–
139

Broccoli,
16
,
17
,
240
–
241

“Brothers and Sisters” (Grimm),
135

Brown, Harriet,
210
–
211

Brown, Margaret Wise,
80

Bruch, Hilde,
208
–
209

Brussels sprouts,
xxii
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
35
,
92

Bryant, Louise Stevens,
75

Buck, Linda,
48
,
49

Bulimia,
xvii
,
191

recovery rates,
188

treatment of,
212
–
213

Caffeine,
153

Cake,
95
–
96

Cake
(Humble),
95

Canada, food education of elderly in,
249

Candy: A Century of Panic and Pleasure
(Kawash),
86

Candy, as reward,
103
–
104

Cantines Scolaires,
67