When the Body Says No: The Cost of Hidden Stress (45 page)

2.
D. A. Snowdon
et al.
, “Linguistic Ability in Early Life and the Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease: Findings from the Nun Study,”
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
903 (April 2000), 34–38.

3.
Victoria Glendinning,
Jonathan Swift: A Portrait
(Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1998).

4.
David Shenk,
The Forgetting: Alzheimer’s: The Portrait of an Epidemic
(New York: Doubleday, 2001).

5.
D. A. Snowdon, “Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: Lessons from the Nun Study,”
Gerontologist
38, no. 1 (February 1998), 5–6.

6.
V.A. Evseev
et al.
, “Dysregulation in Neuroimmunopathology and Perspectives of Immunotherapy,”
Bulletin of Experimental Biological Medicine
131, no. 4 (April 2001), 305–308.

7.
M. F. Frecker
et al.
, “Immunological Associations in Familial and Non-familial Alzheimer’s Patients and Their Families,”
Canadian Journal of Neurological Science
21, no. 2 (May 1994), 112–19.

8.
M. Popovic
et al.
, “Importance of Immunological and Inflammatory Processes in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease,”
International Journal of Neuroscience
9, no. 3–4 (September 1995), 203–36.

9.
F. Marx
et al.
, “Mechanisms of Immune Regulation in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Viewpoint,”
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)
47, no. 4 (1999), 204–209.

10.
J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser
et al.
, “Emotions, Morbidity, and Mortality: New Perspectives from Psychoneuroimmunology,”
Annual Review of Psychology
53 (2002), 83–107.

11.
Edmund Morris,
Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan
(New York: Modern Library, 1999).

12.
Michael Korda,
Another Life
(New York: Random House, 1999).

13: Self or Non-Self: The Immune System Confused

1.
C. E. G. Robinson, “Emotional Factors and Rheumatoid Arthritis,”
Canadian Medical Association Journal
77 (15 August 1957), 344–45.

2.
B. R. Shochet
et al.
, “A Medical-Psychiatric Study of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis,”
Psychosomatics
10, no. 5 (September–October 1969), 274.

3.
John Bowlby,
Attachment
, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 377.

4.
R. Otto and I. R. Mackay, “Psycho-Social and Emotional Disturbance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,”
Medical Journal of Australia
, (9 September 1967), 488–93.

5.
John Bowlby,
Loss
(New York: Basic Books, 1980), 69.

6.
Bowlby,
Attachment
, 68.

7.
Michael Hagmann, “A New Way to Keep Immune Cells in Check,”
Science
, 1945.

8.
P. Marrack and J. W. Kappler, “How the Immune System Recognizes the Body,”
Scientific American
, September 1993.

9.
G. F. Solomon and R. H. Moos, “The Relationship of Personality to the Presence of Rheumatoid Factor in Asymptomatic Relatives of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
27, no. 4 (1965), 350–60.

10.
M. W. Stewart
et al.
, “Differential Relationships between Stress and Disease Activity for Immunologically Distinct Subgroups of People with Rheumatoid Arthritis,”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
103, no. 2 (May 1994), 251–58.

11.
D. J. Wallace, “The Role of Stress and Trauma in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,”
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
16, no. 3 (February 1987), 153–57.

12.
S. L. Feigenbaum
et al.
, “Prognosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Longitudinal Study of Newly Diagnosed Adult Patients,”
The American Journal of Medicine
66 (March 1979).

13.
J. M. Hoffman
et al.
, “An Examination of Individual Differences in the Relationship between Interpersonal Stress and Disease Activity Among Women with
Rheumatoid Arthritis,”
Arthritis Care Research
11, no. 4 (August 1998), 271–79.

14.
J. M. Hoffman
et al.
, “Examination of Changes in Interpersonal Stress as a Factor in Disease Exacerbations among Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis,”
Annals of Behavioral Medicine
19, no. 3a (Summer 1997), 279–86.

15.
L. R. Chapman,
et al.
, “Augmentation of the Inflammatory Reaction by Activity of the Central Nervous System,”
American Medical Association Archives of Neurology
1 (November 1959).

16.
Hoffman, “Examination of Changes in Interpersonal Stress …”

14: A Fine Balance: The Biology of Relationships

1.
Hofer, “Relationships as Regulators.”

2.
Buck, “Emotional Communication, Emotional Competence, and Physical Illness,” 42.

3.
Seeman and McEwen, “Impact of Social Environment Characteristics …”

4.
E. Pennisi, “Neuroimmunology: Tracing Molecules That Make the Brain-Body Connection,”
Science
275 (14 February 1997), 930–31.

5.
G. Affleck
et al.
, “Mood States Associated with Transitory Changes in Asthma Symptoms and Peak Expiratory Flow,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
62, 62–68.

6.
D. A. Mrazek, “Childhood Asthma: The Interplay of Psychiatric and Physiological Factors,”
Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine
14 (1985), 16–32.

7.
Ibid., 21.

8.
I. Florin
et al.
, “Emotional Expressiveness, Psychophysiological Reactivity and Mother-Child Interaction with Asthmatic Children,” in Pennebaker and Treve,
Emotional Expressiveness, Inhibition and Health
, 188–89.

9.
S. Minuchin
et al
, “A Conceptual Model of Psychosomatic Illness in Children, Family Organization and Family Therapy,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
32 (August 1975), 1031–38.

10.
M. A. Price
et al.
, “The Role of Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Breast Carcinoma. Part II: Life Event Stressors, Social Support, Defense Style, and Emotional Control and Their Interactions,”
Cancer
91, no. 4 (15 February 2001), 686–97.

11.
P. Reynolds and G. A. Kaplan, “Social Connections and Risk for Cancer: Prospective Evidence from the Alameda County Study,”
Behavioral Medicine
, (Fall 1990), 101–10.

12.
For a full discussion of differentiation, see Michael E. Kerr and Murray Bowen,
Family Evaluation: An Approach Based on Bowen Theory
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988), chapter 4, 89–111.

13.
S. E. Locke, “Stress, Adaptation, and Immunity: Studies in Humans,”
General Hospital Psychiatry
4 (1982), 49–58.

14.
J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser
et
al., “Marital Quality, Marital Disruption, and Immune Function,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
49, no. 1 (January–February 1987).

15.
Kerr and Bowen,
Family Evaluation
, 182.

16.
Seeman and McEwen, “Impact of Social Environment Characteristics …,” 459.

15: The Biology of Loss

1.
L. Grassi and S. Molinari, “Early Family Attitudes and Neoplastic Disease,” Abstracts of the Fifth Symposium on Stress and Cancer, Kiev, 1984; cited in H. J. Baltrusch and M. E. Waltz, “Early Family Attitudes and the Stress Process—A Life-Span and Personological Model of Host-Tumor Relationships: Biopsychosocial Research on Cancer and Stress in Central Europe,” in Stacey B. Day, ed.,
Cancer, Stress and Death
(New York: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1986), 275.

2.
Ibid., 277.

3.
L. G. Russek
et al.
,“Perceptions of Parental Caring Predict Health Status in Midlife: A 35-Year Follow-up of the Harvard Mastery Stress Study,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
59 (1997), 144–49.

4.
M. A. Hofer, “On the Nature and Consequences of Early Loss,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
58 (1996), 570–80.

5.
“Kisses and Chemistry Linked in Rats,”
The Globe and Mail
(Toronto) 17 September 1997.

6.
Hofer, “On the Nature and Consequences of Early Loss.”

7.
S. Levine and H. Ursin, “What is Stress?” in S. Levine and H. Ursin, eds.,
Psychobiology of Stress
, (New York: Academic Press, 1972), 17.

8.
Allan Schore,
Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development
(Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 378.

16: The Dance of Generations

1.
M. Marmot and E. Brunner, “Epidemiological Applications of Long-Term Stress in Daily Life,” in T. Theorell, ed.,
Everyday Biological Stress Mechanisms
, vol. 22 (Basel: Karger, 2001), 89–90.

2.
C. Caldji
et al.
, “Maternal Care During Infancy Regulates the Development of Neural Systems Mediating the Expression of Fearfulness in the Rat,”
Neurobiology
95, no. 9 (28 April 1998), 5335–40.

3.
C. Caldji
et al.
,“Variations in Maternal Care in Infancy Regulate the Development of Stress Reactivity,”
Biological Psychiatry
48, no. 12, 1164–74.

4.
L. Miller
et al.
, “Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Bonding among Women,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
36 (1997), 1134–39.

5.
R. Yehuda
et al.
, “Cortisol Levels in Adult Offspring of Holocaust Survivors: Relation to PTSD Symptom Severity in the Parent and Child,”
Psychoneuroendocrinology
27, no. 1–2 (2001), 171–80.

6.
D. J. Siegel,
The Developing Mind: Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience
(New York: The Guilford Press, 1999), 73.

7.
Selye,
The Stress of Life
, 81.

8.
Kerr and Bowen,
Family Evaluation
, 259.

9.
Caldji, “Variations In Maternal Care in Infancy …”

10.
M. Kerr, “Cancer and the Family Emotional System,” in J. G. Goldberg, ed.,
Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Cancer Patients
(New York: The Free Press, 1981), 297.

11.
Selye,
The Stress of Life
, 391.

12.
D. Raphael,
Social Justice Is Good for Our Hearts: Why Societal Factors—Not Lifestyles—Are Major Causes of Heart Disease in Canada and Elsewhere
(Toronto: CSJ Foundation for Research and Education, 2002), xi; report available at
http://www.socialjustice.org
.

13.
M. G. Marmot
et al.
, “Inequalities in Death—Specific Explanations of a General Pattern,”
Lancet
3 (1984), 1003–6, cited in M. Marmot and E. Brunner, “Epidemiological Applications of Long-Term Stress in Daily Life,” in T. Theorell, ed.,
Everyday Biological Stress Mechanisms
, 83.

17: The Biology of Belief

1.
B. H. Lipton, “Nature, Nurture and Human Development,”
Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health
16, no. 2 (2001), 167–80.

18: The Power of Negative Thinking

1.
Kerr and Bowen,
Family Evaluation
, 279.

2.
Mogens R. Jensen, “Psychobiological Factors Predicting the Course of Breast Cancer,”
Journal of Personality
55, no. 2 (June 1987), 337.

3.
Levy,
Behavior and Cancer
, 165.

4.
S. Warren
et al.
, “Emotional Stress and the Development of Multiple Sclerosis: Case-Control Evidence of a Relationship,”
Journal of Chronic Disease
35 (1982), 821–31.

5.
Ford,
A Glad Awakening
.

6.
Candace B. Pert,
Molecules of Emotion
, 193.

19: The Seven A’s of Healing

1.
A. J. Bdurtha
et al.
, “A Clinical, Histologic, and Immunologic Study of a Case of Metastatic Malignant Melanoma Undergoing Spontaneous Remission,”
Cancer
37 (1976), 735–42.

2.
Rogentine
et al.
, cited in B. Fox and B. Newberry, eds.,
Impact of Psychoendocrine Systems in Cancer and Immunity
(New York: C. J. Hogrefe, 1984), 259.

3.
Ibid., 267.

4.
F. I. Fawzy
et al.
,“Malignant Melanoma: Effects of an Early Structured Psychiatric Intervention, Coping, and Affective State on Recurrence and Survival 6 Years Later,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
50 (1993), 681–89; cited in Michael Lerner,
Choices in Healing
(Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1994), 159.

5.
F. I. Fawzy
et al.
, “A Structured Psychiatric Intervention for Cancer Patients: Changes over Time in Immunologic Measures,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
47 (1990), 729–35.

6.
Oliver Sacks,
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales
(New York: HarperPerennial, 1990).

7.
A. F. Siegman
et al.
, “Antagonistic Behavior, Dominance, Hostility, and Coronary Heart Disease,”
Psychosomatic Medicine
62 (2000), 248–57.

8.
L. R. Ormont, “Aggression and Cancer in Group Treatment” in Jane G. Goldberg, ed.,
The Psychotherapy of Cancer Patients
(New York: The Free Press, 1981), 226.

9.
V. J. Felitti
et al.
, “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study,”
American Journal of Preventative Medicine
14, no. 4 (1998), 245–58.