The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (77 page)

multiple sclerosis (MS)
408–9

Murakami, Shingo
412

Murray, Joseph
132
,
133
,
136–40
,
144
,
145

muscular dystrophy
334
,
342–3

mustard gas
162

National Cancer Institute (NCI)
168
,
170
,
175
,
218

National Health Service, costs
6
,
439

National Institute of Cancer
340

National Institute of Health
218
,
342

natural chemicals
392–3

neurosurgery
252

new chemical entities (NCEs)
278–9
,
281

New Genetics
345–50
,
454–63

constraints
347

and disease
347

future
429–30

gene therapy
324
,
339–44
,
345

genetic engineering
324
,
325–32
,
345

genetic screening
333–6
,
345

genetic testing
336–8

Human Genome Project
312
,
441
,
454–7
,
458–9
,
462

medicine's status
323

missing heritability
459–61
,
491

molecular biology
311–12

possibilities
346
,
406

term
312
,
322

see also
genes
;
genetic diseases

Newton, Isaac
323

nitrogen mustard
162
,
164

Nixon, Richard
175

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
500–1

nucleotides (nucleic acids)
313
,
315
,
319
,
322
,
347–8

obstetrics
291–5

oestrogen
190
,
393

Ogilvie, Sir William Heneage
232

olanzapine
472–3

oncology
176–8

open-heart surgery
96–102
,
108–12
,
113–19
,
450–1

operating microscopes
249
,
250–4

ophthalmic surgery
251–2

optics
221
,
249–62

endoscopes
249
,
254–62
,
448

laparoscopes
181
,
221
,
255
,
260–1

operating microscopes
249
,
250–4

orthopaedics
448

Orwell, George
57–8

Osheroff, Rafael
512

Osler, Sir William
235–6
,
431

overinvestigation
289

oxygen, ventilation
84

pacemakers
248

Page, Francis
501

Pappworth, Maurice
232

para-amino salicylic acid (PAS)
41
,
49
,
52–3
,
56

paradoxes
4–7
,
417
,
423–7

Parry, Vince
470

Parsons, Frank
139

patients
230
,
232–3
,
434

Paul, Richard
292
,
293

Pearson, Karl
44

penicillamine
501

penicillin
13–21
,
242

peptic ulcers
203–12
,
217
,
290
,
411

personalised genomics
457
,
461

personality, and peptic ulcers
206–7

pesticides
390
,
392–3

Pettenkoffer, Max von
204

pharmaceutical industry
465–75

as Big Pharma
466
,
493–4

and doctors
433
,
473–4

medicinal chemistry
221
,
244

mergers
286–7

prospects
485–6

redefining illness
441

research
286
,
287

revenues
155
,
439
,
440

shift in purpose
421
,
465–6

see also
drugs

phenylbutazone
500

physiological functions,
milieu intérieur
358
,
363
,
382
,
397

Pickering, Sir George
154
,
368

Pincus, Gregory
183
,
185

Pinkel, Donald
160–1
,
171
,
173–4
,
175
,
220
,
384

plastic surgery
252–3

platinum
167–8

Platt, Lord Robert
154

pneumonia
236
,
241

polio
84–90

pollution
356
,
389–95
,
397

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
411–12

polypharmacy
474–5

population strategy (‘Big Idea'), public health
401
,
402

population-mixing studies
410

Porter, Roy
426–7

Postgraduate Medical School
223
,
231
,
277
,
301
,
305

poverty
355

pregnancy
30

see also
IVF

prescriptions
441
,
465
,
474–5
,
476

prevention
356–7
,
422

see also
public health

preventive screening
see
screening

primary metabolites
265

Primolut
197
,
198
,
200

prions
413

progesterone
190
,
191
,
197
,
198

progress, ideology of
430–2
,
434

proguanil
243

promethazine
80–1

prontosil
239

propranolol
151–3
,
155
,
284

proteins
315–16
,
325
,
332
,
413

Prozac
475–80

Prusiner, Stanley
413

psychiatric illnesses
2
,
74–83
,
477–8
,
503–11

psychiatry
503–13

psychoanalysis
503
,
504
,
511–13

public health
351
,
357
,
401
,
402

see also
prevention

publications
473–4

puerperal fever
240

pumps (heart-lung machines)
96–8
,
102
,
108–12

Purdy, Jean
195
,
196

Quilligan, Edward
292
,
293

radiation
394

radiation treatment, leukaemia
159
,
173

radioimmunoassay
221

Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)
58
,
59
,
61
,
70–1

Reeder, Earl
510

Rees, Jonathan
492

regulatory genes
463

replantation, limbs
252

research
439–40

Big Science
491
,
492–3

clinical science
300
,
301–2

dominant paradigm
491–2

funding
458

Human Genome Project
441

interconnectedness
219
,
220–1

state investment
218

retinitis pigmentosa
349

retrovirus
413

reverse transcriptase
321
,
322
,
328
,
413

rheumatic fever
241
,
498–9

rheumatoid arthritis

cause of
411

cortisone
28
,
34
,
497

inflammation
37

jaundice
29
,
30

rheumatoid factor
498
,
501

rheumatoid factor
498
,
501

rheumatological diseases
425
,
498

rheumatology
497–501

Rhoads, Cornelius ‘Dusty'
164
,
172

Rhone-Poulenc
81

Ridley, Harold
251

rifampicin
56

Rise and Fall (of medicine)
7
,
417–23
,
497

RNA, messenger (mRNA)
315
,
321

Rock, John
182
,
183

Rollin, Henry
78

Roosevelt, Franklin D.
149

Rose, Sir Geoffrey
372
,
401
,
402

Rose, Molly
186

Rosenberg, Barnett
168

Russell, Ritchie
90
,
91
,
94

Sabin, Albert
87

Salk, Jonas
87

Sanger, Frederick
322

Santhouse, Alastair
478

Sarett, Lewis
32

Sataba, Richard
450

Savage, Oswald
33–4

Savill, John
312

scarlet fever
240

Schatz, Albert
50–1

schizophrenia
75
,
79

chlorpromazine
76–8
,
81
,
282
,
504
,
510

Schou, Mogens
507

Schwartz, Robert
142–3

Schwartz, William
152

science
215–16
,
218–19
,
220
,
263

scientific progressivism
431–2

screening
148
,
333–6
,
345
,
421–2

Seascale
see
Sellafield

secondary metabolites
265–6

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
476
,
508

self-experimentation
204
,
205
,
506

self-healing ability
27
,
35
,
37

Sellafield
394
,
409
,
410

Sellors, Holmes
104

Selye, Hans
32

Semm, Kurt
261

Shackman, Ralph
277

Shaw, Laura
444–5

Sheehan, John C.
22

Sherlock, Sheila
224
,
225
,
231
,
301

Shorter, Edward
503
,
512

Shumway, Norman
119

sickle cell anaemia
333
,
347
,
348

side-effects of drugs

cortisone
33–4